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Galaxy Zoo: Classifying Galaxies with Crowdsourcing and Active Learning

↗ Quelle (blog.tensorflow.org)
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📑 Inhaltsübersicht
A guest article by .

Galaxy Zoo is a The Galaxy Zoo UI. Check it out, and join in with the science, , , and much more. However, there’s a problem: humans don’t scale. Galaxy surveys keep getting bigger, but we will always have about the same number of volunteers. The latest , we use Bayesian CNNs for morphology classification. Bayesian CNNs provide two key improvements:
  1. They account for varying uncertainty when learning from volunteer responses.
  2. They predict full posteriors over the morphology of each galaxy.
Using our Bayesian CNN, we can learn from noisy labels and make reliable predictions (with error bars) for hundreds of millions of galaxies.

How Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks Work

There are two key steps to creating our Bayesian CNNs.
1. Predict the parameters of a probability distribution, not the label itself
Training neural networks is much like any other fitting problem: you tweak the model to match the observations. If you are equally confident in all your collected labels, you can just minimise the difference (e.g. mean squared error) between your predictions and the observed values. However for Galaxy Zoo, many labels are more confident than others.
If I observe that, for some galaxy, 30% of volunteers say “bar”, my confidence in that 30% depends heavily on how many people replied – was it 4 or 40? Instead, we predict the probability that a typical volunteer will say “Bar”, and minimise how surprised we should be given the total number of volunteers who replied.
This way, our model understands that errors on galaxies where many volunteers replied are worse than errors on galaxies where few volunteers replied – letting it learn from every galaxy.
In our case, we can model our surprise with the Binomial distribution by recognising that k “Bar” responses from N volunteers is much like k successes from N independent trials.
PYTHON
loss = tf.reduce_mean(binomial_loss(labels, scalar_predictions))
Where `binomial_loss` calculates the surprise (negative log likelihood) of the observed labels given our model predictions: ). This approximates the Bayesian approach of treating the network weights as random variables to be marginalised over. By also applying dropout at test time, we can exploit this idea of approximating many models to also make Bayesian predictions :
PYTHON
from tensorflow.keras import layers, Model

class SimpleClassifier(Model):

def __init__(self):
super(SimpleClassifier, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = layers.Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')
self.flatten = layers.Flatten()
self.d1 = layers.Dense(128, activation='relu')
self.dropout1 = layers.Dropout(rate=0.5)
self.d2 = layers.Dense(2, activation='softmax')

def call(self, x, training):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.flatten(x)
x = self.d1(x)
if training: # dropout typically applied only at train time
x = self.dropout1(x)
return self.d2(x)
Switching on test-time dropout actually involves less code:
PYTHON
 def call(self, x):  # no ‘training’ argument required
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.flatten(x)
x = self.d1(x)
x = self.dropout1(x) # dropout always on
return self.d2(x)
Below, you can see our Bayesian CNN in action. Each row is a galaxy (shown to the left). In the central column, our CNN makes a single probabilistic prediction (the probability that a typical volunteer would answer “Bar”). We can interpret that as a posterior for the probability that k of N volunteers would say “Bar” – shown in black. On the right, we marginalise over many CNNs using dropout. Each CNN posterior (grey) is different, but we can marginalise over them to get the posterior over many CNNs (green) – our Bayesian posterior.
(and check out that informative galaxies are galaxies where those models confidently disagree.
Why? We often hold our strongest opinions where we are least informed - and so do our CNN (

Formally, informative galaxies are galaxies where each model is confident (entropy H in the posterior from each model, p(votes|weights), is low) but the average prediction over all the models is uncertain (entropy across all averaged posteriors is high). This is only possible because we think about labels probabilistically and approximate training many models. For more, see , or

Our active learning system selects galaxies on the left (featured and diverse) over those on the right (smooth ‘blobs’).
Active learning is picking galaxies to label right now on Galaxy Zoo – check it out ,, by the Tensorflow Probability team showing how to do this for one-dimensional regression.
Vollständiger Original-Bericht
Ausführliche Details, Code-Beispiele & Hersteller-Stellungnahme auf blog.tensorflow.org.
↗ Original-Artikel auf blog.tensorflow.org lesen
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