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Inside CrabPascal: The Five-Phase Compiler Pipeline | Pipeline do compilador em cinco fases

Bilingual post · Post bilíngue Jump to: English · Português English {#english} Inside CrabPascal: The Five-Phase Compiler Pipeline Every compiler textbook des…

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Bilingual post · Post bilíngue


Jump to: English · Português










English {#english}






Inside CrabPascal: The Five-Phase Compiler Pipeline



Every compiler textbook describes the same pipeline. CrabPascal v2.22.0 implements it faithfully in Rust — from raw .pas text to executable behavior. Understanding these five phases explains what check, run, and build-exe actually do under the hood.






The big picture






 Source (.pas/.dpr)
│
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 1. LEXER │ Text → Tokens
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 2. PARSER │ Tokens → AST
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 3. SEMANTIC │ AST → Validated AST + Symbols
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 4. CODEGEN │ AST → C code OR Runtime bytecode
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 5. OPTIMIZE │ (Optional) Peephole / C compiler opts
└──────┬──────┘
▼
Executable / Interpreted result









Phase 1: Lexical analysis



The lexer scans source character by character and emits tokens — keywords (var, begin), identifiers, literals, operators.



Input: var x: Integer;



Output: [VAR, IDENT("x"), COLON, IDENT("Integer"), SEMICOLON]



CrabPascal handles Delphi-style comments { }, //, and (* *), plus preprocessor directives when enabled.






Phase 2: Parsing



The parser consumes tokens and builds an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). It validates grammatical structure — matching begin/end, proper declaration order, nested expressions.



A assignment like x := 10 + 5 becomes an Assignment node with a BinaryOp(Add) child expression. The AST is serialized in Rust with serde for debugging (save_ast = true in crabpascal.toml).






Phase 3: Semantic analysis



Grammar alone is not enough. The semantic analyzer:




  • Builds a symbol table (variables, types, procedures)

  • Resolves uses clauses and unit search paths from rtl/

  • Checks type compatibility (Integer vs String)

  • Validates OOP constructs (classes, inheritance, visibility)



This is where crab-pascal check stops — full validation, zero execution.






Phase 4: Code generation



CrabPascal splits here based on command:



run — Internal runtime walks the AST directly. Built-in functions (WriteLn, TJSONObject.Create, Horse routes) dispatch to Rust implementations.



build-exe — Codegen emits C source, then invokes gcc/clang. Example output for x := 10 + 5:




int x;
x = 10 + 5;









Phase 5: Optimization



Optional and layered:




  • CrabPascal may apply basic AST simplifications

  • gcc/clang apply their own optimizations when using build-exe

  • The internal runtime prioritizes correctness over aggressive optimization (for now)






Which commands use which phases?




























Command Phases executed
check 1 → 2 → 3
run 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 (runtime)
build-exe 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 (C) → 5 (gcc)
preproc Pre-phase 0 (text transform)





Why this matters for contributors



Module boundaries in the Rust codebase mirror the pipeline: lexer/, parser/, semantic/, codegen/, runtime/. Sprint work typically targets one phase — parser hardening in one release, RTL coverage in the next.



When you report a bug, identifying the phase narrows the search instantly. Syntax error? Parser. "Unknown identifier" at valid code? Semantic or RTL shim. Crash at runtime? Runtime dispatch.



CrabPascal is not magic — it is a textbook compiler built with modern tools. The five phases are the map. 🦀









Português {#portugus}






Por dentro do CrabPascal: pipeline em cinco fases



Todo livro de compiladores descreve o mesmo pipeline. O CrabPascal v2.22.0 implementa isso fielmente em Rust — do texto .pas bruto ao comportamento executável. Entender as cinco fases explica o que check, run e build-exe fazem por baixo dos panos.






Visão geral






 Fonte (.pas/.dpr)
│
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 1. LEXER │ Texto → Tokens
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 2. PARSER │ Tokens → AST
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 3. SEMÂNTICA│ AST → AST validada + Símbolos
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 4. CODEGEN │ AST → C ou bytecode do runtime
└──────┬──────┘
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ 5. OTIMIZAÇÃO│ (Opcional) Peephole / opts do gcc
└──────┬──────┘
▼
Resultado executável / interpretado









Fase 1: Análise léxica



O lexer percorre o fonte caractere a caractere e emite tokens — palavras-chave (var, begin), identificadores, literais, operadores.



Entrada: var x: Integer;



Saída: [VAR, IDENT("x"), COLON, IDENT("Integer"), SEMICOLON]



O CrabPascal trata comentários estilo Delphi { }, // e (* *), além de diretivas de pré-processador quando habilitadas.






Fase 2: Parsing



O parser consome tokens e constrói a Árvore de Sintaxe Abstrata (AST). Valida estrutura gramatical — begin/end pareados, ordem de declarações, expressões aninhadas.



Uma atribuição x := 10 + 5 vira nó Assignment com filho BinaryOp(Add). A AST é serializada em Rust com serde para debug (save_ast = true no crabpascal.toml).






Fase 3: Análise semântica



Gramática não basta. O analisador semântico:




  • Constrói tabela de símbolos (variáveis, tipos, procedures)

  • Resolve cláusulas uses e search paths de rtl/

  • Verifica compatibilidade de tipos (Integer vs String)

  • Valida OOP (classes, herança, visibilidade)



É aqui que crab-pascal check para — validação completa, zero execução.






Fase 4: Geração de código



O CrabPascal bifurca conforme o comando:



run — Runtime interno percorre a AST diretamente. Built-ins (WriteLn, TJSONObject.Create, rotas Horse) despacham para implementações Rust.



build-exe — Codegen emite C e invoca gcc/clang. Exemplo para x := 10 + 5:




int x;
x = 10 + 5;









Fase 5: Otimização



Opcional e em camadas:




  • CrabPascal pode aplicar simplificações básicas na AST

  • gcc/clang aplicam otimizações próprias no build-exe

  • O runtime interno prioriza correção sobre otimização agressiva (por ora)






Quais comandos usam quais fases?




























Comando Fases executadas
check 1 → 2 → 3
run 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 (runtime)
build-exe 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 (C) → 5 (gcc)
preproc Pré-fase 0 (transformação de texto)





Por que isso importa para contribuidores



Os módulos Rust espelham o pipeline: lexer/, parser/, semantic/, codegen/, runtime/. Trabalho de sprint costuma mirar uma fase — endurecimento do parser num release, cobertura RTL no seguinte.



Ao reportar bug, identificar a fase estreia a busca na hora. Erro de sintaxe? Parser. "Unknown identifier" em código válido? Semântica ou shim RTL. Crash em runtime? Dispatch do runtime.



CrabPascal não é mágica — é um compilador de livro-texto com ferramentas modernas. As cinco fases são o mapa. 🦀






Published on dev.to/@crabpascal · Código em CrabPascal

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