Day-6: Cron Job | 100 Days of DevOps

If you’ve ever wanted your Linux server to run tasks automatically, like cleaning logs, backing up databases, or sending reports, then cron jobs are your best friend. Cron is a time-based job scheduler built into Unix-like operating systems, and it’s one of the most powerful automation tools for system admins and developers.

In this article, we’ll walk through what cron jobs are, how the syntax works, real-world examples, and how we can set them up in our system.

What is a Cron Job?

A cron job is a command or script that is scheduled to run at a specific time or interval. The cron service (crond) runs in the background and checks a special configuration file. This configuration file is called a crontab (short for "cron table") to know what to execute.

Each user on a system can have their own crontab file, and there’s also a system-wide crontab located at /etc/crontab.

Cron Syntax Explained

Cron syntax might be confusing. But it’s actually quite simple. Every cron job is defined with five time fields followed by the command to run. Here’s a breakdown:

*    *    *    *    *   command_to_execute

-    -    -    -    -

|    |    |    |    |

|    |    |    |    +---- Day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7)

|    |    |    +--------- Month (1 - 12)

|    |    +-------------- Day of month (1 - 31)

|    +------------------- Hour (0 - 23)

+------------------------ Minute (0 - 59)

Special Characters

• 
  * → every value


• 
  , → list of values (e.g. 1,15)


• 
  - → range (e.g. 1-5)


• 
  / → step (e.g. */5 means every 5 units)

Cron Job Examples

Let’s go through some practical examples:

• */5 * * * * echo "Hello" >> /tmp/hello.log
  
  Run every 5 minutes.




• 0 0 * * * /usr/bin/backup.sh
  
  Run a backup script every day at midnight.




• 30 14 * * 1
  
  Run at 2:30 PM every Monday.




• 0 */6 * * * /usr/bin/update.sh
  
  Run every 6 hours.




• 15 9-17 * * 1-5 /usr/bin/send_report.sh
  
  Run at 9:15, 10:15, …, 5:15 during working hours, Monday through Friday.

Setting Up a Cron Job

1. 
   Install cron (if not already installed)
   On CentOS/RHEL:
   

   sudo yum install -y cronie

   sudo systemctl enable crond

   sudo systemctl start crond

On Ubuntu/Debian:

   sudo apt-get update

   sudo apt-get install -y cron

   sudo systemctl enable cron

   sudo systemctl start cron

1. 
   Edit the crontab
   To add a job for the user:
   

   crontab -e

1. 
   Verify cron jobs
   

   crontab -l

1. 
   Check if it’s working
   For example, add:
   

   */2 * * * * echo "Cron is working!" >> /tmp/test_cron.log

Then wait a few minutes and run:

   cat /tmp/test_cron.log

Common Use Cases

• Automating backups


• Rotating or cleaning log files


• Sending periodic emails or reports


• Updating packages or databases


• Monitoring disk usage

Final Thoughts

Cron jobs are simple yet powerful. With a few lines in crontab, we can automate tasks to run on time, every time. Whether managing servers or automating workflows, knowing cron is essential.